The Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Cell - the basic structural and functional unit of organism.

2. From cell to an organism:

a) Structure and function of the tissues;

b) Organs and the organ systems

3. Body parts and regions;

4. Planes, axes and lines of body;

5. Body cavities;

4. The Skin - structure and functions

a) epidermis and skin appendages;

b) dermis;

c) hypodermis;

5. The skeleton - structure and functions:

a) bone structure and classification;

b) axial skeleton: spine, skull, thorax, upper girdle, upper limb, pelvis, pelvic girdle, lower limb,

c) bone junctions - structure and function

d) ligaments

6. Muscular system

7. The nervous system as a complicated informational system

a) ontogenesis, development, classification

b) receptors (ekstero- and interoreceptors) and effectors (musles, egzokrine glands).

8. Circulatory system - structure and functions

a) blood vascular system - the heart and blood vessels, systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation, portal circulation, plasma and formed elements of the blood

b) lymphatic system - central and peripheral lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, lymph nodules, spleen), lymphatic vessels, lymph constituents, mucous-associated lymphoid tissue in the gut, respiratory and urogenital systems

c) the development of blood cells (hemopoiesis)

9. Immune system - immune cells and their functions (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils), the role of lymphoid organs in immunity, types of immunity (innate and adaptive immunity)

10. Digestive system - structure and functions

a) the digestive tract and specialized digestive organs (salivary glands, liver and gallbladder);

b) mechanisms of digestion

c) metabolism, energy metabolism

11. Respiratory system - structure and functions

a) lungs and their ducts

b) respiration in the lungs and tissues

c) mechanism of respiration

d) transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body

12. Urinary system - structure and functions

a) development of urinary system

b) urinary organs: kidney, urinary ducts

13. Reproductive system - structure and functions

a) development of reproductive system

b) male reproductive system

c) female reproductive system

Description by Andrzej Czubaj, January 2010