United States and the World

obligatory courses

Blended learning

This lecture will survey U.S. Foreign Policy since 1789, offering the undergraduate student the isolationist or interventionist preferences of U.S. Presidents over 220 years. From the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 through two world wars, many conflicts and 21st Century terror challenges, American foreign policy is shaped in part by the country’s domestic political scene, which is changing constantly.

Important Notice.

By decision of the American Studies Center Director agreed to by our Faculty, NO MORE THAN TWO (2) ABSENCES IN ANY COURSE WILL BE ALLOWED, with or without an excuse including a medical excuse. Upon the third absence for any reason, no grade will be entered and the Course must be repeated in another term. This rule applies to all ASC Courses from the first class meeting to the last class meeting, including the Examination. Questions should be directed to the counselor for student affairs and head of studies.

Introduction.

This course will introduce undergraduate students to the aims and purposes of United States Foreign Policy from the Colonial, Revolutionary, and Constitutional periods across the 19th and 20th centuries and through the first decade and into the second decade of our 21st Century and the Presidency of Donald J. Trump. Ernest Lee Tuveson and others have suggested that American policy makers, primarily U.S. Presidents, have involved the United States in foreign battles, conflicts, and wars for the purpose of ”redemption. ” This analysis concludes that American Presidents envision America’s mission (diplomatic and military) to be the salvation of foreign lands and populations: ”a war to end all wars” (Wilson) or the replacement of an ”Evil Empire” with one that more closely resembles American democracy (Reagan). Of the two alternatives, Isolationism or Interventionism, since 1914 American Presidents appear to have preferred the latter, sometimes with the blessing of the Congress but frequently against its vociferous opposition. Since the Atlantic Charter (1941), America has tended to make its foreign policy parallel to that of other North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) countries, especially Great Britain, more or less, and at times parallel with other signatories to the Atlantic Charter such as France and the Soviet Union (now the Russian Federation). In the war on terror, the United States has tried to square its foreign policy with China and other leading members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), particularly the Russian Federation

Course Objectives.

The Global Commitments the United States of America has made since 1789 will be the focus of this course. Students will learn the characteristics of United States Foreign Policy as it became an isolationist Nation under the Monroe Doctrine from 1823 until 1914, but an interventionist "Redeemer Nation" ever since. Great attention will focus on diplomacy as the United States foreign policy has been influenced by domestic politics.

Secondly, we shall witness changing U.S. Foreign Policy at several critical periods in time: World War I, World War II, the ”Cold War, ” the Korean Conflict, Vietnam, Reagan Presidency, and the War on ”Terror” that began at the time the ”Cold War” ended. Focus will be primarily on diplomatic and military policy, but afford some attention to America’s foreign aid policy, foreign economic policy, foreign trade policy, international peacekeeping policy, national security policy, and technology regulation policy, all important in the present time.

We must accomplish two methodological goals simultaneously. One is for the student to learn about American Foreign Policy, how it has been formulated, why, and how it has changed. Another is for us to tie the changes to events that have occurred historically: World War I and the League of Nations (the collapse of Imperial China and Imperial Russia); World War II and repulsion of Fascist aggression in Asia and Europe, followed by the Marshall Plan and U.S. reconstruction of Germany and Japan; the "Cold War," Korea and Vietnam, Containment, and collapse of the Soviet Union; the age of "terror" following the attack on the United States Pentagon and World Trade Center, New York on 11 September 2001.

Required Readings.

To Draw From Library.

Lafeber, Walter. 2d edition 1989. The American Age: U.S. Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, 1750 to the Present. New York: 2d ed. 1989, W.W. Norton & Company, Ltd. ISBN 0393964744.

Allison, Graham. 2017. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Barbones, Salvatore. 2017. American Tianxia: Chinese money, American power and the end of history. Bristol: Policy Press.

Bremmer, Ian. 2018. Us vs. Them: The Failure of Globalism. New York: Random House Penguin Portfolio.

Bremmer, Ian. 2015. Superpower: Three Choices for America's Role in the World. New York: Portfolio/Penguin Random House.

Chomsky, Noam. 2011. Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order. New York: Seven Stories Press.

Dershowitz, Alan. 2017. “Alan Dershowitz: Trump says Palestinians must earn a two-state solution,” Washington Examiner. 17 Feb. http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/alan-dershowitz-trump-says-palestinians-must-earn-a-two-state-solution/article/2615198

Haass, Richard. 2017. A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order. New York: Penguin Books.

Mead, Walter Russell. 2016. “Andrew Jackson, Revenant,” The American Interest. 17 Jan. http://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/01/17/andrew-jackson-revenant/

Tune in to Fareed Zakaria, “Global Public Square” (GPS). Cable News Network (CNN). Sundays at 21:00 Central European Time (CET). Balance what you hear with the following: “Alan Dershowitz : CNN’s Fareed Zakaria calling President Trump’s Appearance With Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu ‘Embarrassing, Bizarre and Irresponsible’ is ‘Dead Wrong,’” www.FoxNews.org. 17 February 2017. http://radio.foxnews.com/2017/02/16/alan-dershowitz-cnns-fareed-zakaria-calling-president-trumps-appearance-with-israeli-prime-minister-netanyahu-embarrassing-bizarre-and-irresponsible-is/

Presidential Historians’ Survey of American Presidents. 2017. www.c-Span.org. https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall

Jones, David A. 2018. “America Incorporated: Movement of Assets by Companies Chartered in the United States Across the World and Back Home,” European Journal of Business & Management Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-7. Feb.

http://ejbmr.org/index.php/ejbmr/article/view/16/9

Jones, David A. 2017. "Four Leagues of the Pacific: United Kingdom, United States, China, Russia, Where Trust in Trade Meets Distrust in Security, A Pacific-Indian Treaty Organisation (PINTO) is Needed for a ‘Community of Nations’,” International Journal of Political Science, Law & International Relations, Vol. 7, No. 5, 11-28. Oct. http://tjprc.org/view-archives.php?keyword=&from_date=&to_date=&id=&jtype=2&journal=52&page=5

Jones, David A. 2017. “Cooperation or Confrontation? Assessing the American ‘Pivot’ to Asia in Context --Is It a Western ‘Neo-Liberealism’ Response to China’s New ‘Open Door’ Approach to Europe?” in Kamiński, Tomasz, ed. 2017. Overcoming Controversies in East Asia. Łódź: University of Łódź Press. 158-177.

Jones, David A., and Hanzhen Liu. 2017. “Searching for the Tao? Reexamining Modern Changes in Asian Management: Characteristics and Significance,” International Journal of Business & General Management, Vol. 6, No. 5, 119-134. Aug/Sep.

https://www.scribd.com/document/361294619/13-IJBGM-Searching-for-the-Tao-David-a-Jones

Jones, David A. 2017. "Revival of 'Dollar Diplomacy' As United States Foreign Economic Policy in 2017: Tradeoffs Exchanged to Maintain Trade and Restore Peace Along the Tottering Western Pacific Rim," Archives of Business Research, Vol. 5, No. 9, 31-41. Sep.

http://scholarpublishing.org/index.php/ABR/article/view/3667/2099

Jones, David A., and Hanzhen Liu. 2017. "Management of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment: 'One Belt, One Road' Across Eurasia to Africa and Europe Amidst Maritime Tensions in the South China Sea Region,” Journal of International Relations & Diplomacy, Vol. 5, No. 8, 486-500. Aug. http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/59cf3c2bbc994.pdf

Jones, David A. 2016. “Is Liber-Realism on the Horizon? Rule, Serica! Serica Rules the Waves? Private Sector Management Approaches to Explaining then Deescalating Conflict and Confrontation Along the Western Pacific Rim,” International Journal of Business Management & Research (IJBMR), Vol. 6, No. 5, 71-96. Oct. http://www.tjprc.org/view-archives.php?year=2016&id=32&jtype=2&page=3

Jones, David A. 2016. “From A Desert to A Garden in A Lifetime: Rapid, Robust, Expeditionary Transformation of ‘Failed States’ to Avoid the Appearance or Reality of Social Control,” The International Manager, Vol. 3, No. 11, 97-117. Sep. http://www.issnjournals.com/uploads/admin/paper/97-117%20_The%20International%20Manger%20_%20FROM%20A%20DESERT%20TO%20A%20GARDEN%20IN%20A%20LIFETIME%20_%20%20Dr.%20David%20A.%20Jones.pdf

Jones, David A. 2016. “Microfinancing Abroad along China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’: Replicating the Wokai, Kiva and Other Experiments Worldwide and the American ‘War On Poverty’ Experience Internationally,” Proceedings of the Ninth Asia-Pacific Conference on Global Business, Economics, Finance and Banking (AP16 Hong Kong Conference) ISBN: 978 1 943579 68 6 Hong Kong SAR. 1-10. 11-13 Aug. Paper ID HK631.

http://globalbizresearch.org/HongKong_Conference_2016_Aug/docs/doc/Global%20Business,%20Economics%20&%20Sustainability/HK631_Abstract.pdf

Jones, David A. 2015. Four Eagles and a Dragon: Successes and Failures of Quixotic Encirclement in Foreign Policy, An Analysis. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, Plc. 394 pp. ISBN 9 789385 436826.

http://asc.uw.edu.pl/faculty_publications/four-eagles-and-dragon-cover-introduction-chapter-seven.pdf

Jones, David A. 2015. “Hybrid Conflict and Encirclement: Reconfiguration of Eastern Europe by NATO, Trade Barriers, and a Chinese Solution for Greece,” Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy, Vol. 3, No. 8, 497-510. Aug.

Jones, David A. 2014. “Quid pro Quo: Dependent Relative Revocation and Quixotic Military Dis-encirclement,” Studia Europejskie, Vol. 17, No. 4, 99-120.

Jones, David A. 2014 “The Management of Trade for International Security: An Analysis of Some Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership,” International Journal of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 3, 499-507.

Jones, David A. 2014. “On the Road Away from Mandalay: Heading West along the ‘Silk Road’ as China Moves its Investments into Europe,” Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 5, No. 6, 787-801. Jun.

Jones, David A. 2013. “Trans-Cultural Leadership Architecture: Implications for an Effective Eurasian Trading Partnership,” International Journal of Information and Intercultural Management, Vol. 3, No. 2, 242-258.

Liu, Hanzhen, and David A. Jones. 2018. "Feudal Internationalism? Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China: See China Change from Back Then to Now to What's Next?" Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula [Vistula Scientific Journal], Vol. 55, No. 1, 21-40. Mar. http://www.i.vistula.edu.pl/media/docs/qsLdAgtz4EENy9Vd8yAWMiMXS.pdf

Miller, Aaron David. 2017. “Tillerson Makes a Strong Start at State,” CNN.com. 02 Feb. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/02/opinions/tillerson-strong-start-miller/index.html

Miniter, Robert. 2014. "Why Putin Worries About Poland, but Not Obama," Forbes. 15 May. http://www.forbes.com/sites/richardminiter/2014/05/15/why-putin-is-worries-about-poland-and-raytheon-but-not-obama/?partner=yahootix.

Nau, Henry R. 2015. Conservative Internationalism: Armed Diplomacy under Jefferson, Polk, Truman, and Reagan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Stephens, Bret. 2014. America in Retreat: The New Isolationism and the Coming Global Disorder. New York: Sentinel/Penguin/Random House.

Additional Required Readings List.

Ambrose, Stephen E., and Douglas G. Brinkley. 1997, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938. New York: 8th ed., Penguin Books.

Babones, Salvatore. 2017. American Tianxia: Chinese Money, American Power and the End of History. Bristol: Policy Press Shorts.

Babones, Salvatore. 2015. Sixteen for '16: A Progressive Agenda for a Better America. Bristol: Policy Press.

Babones, Salvatore, and Christopher Chase-Dunn, eds. 2012. Routledge Handbook of World-Systems Analysis. London and Oxford: Routledge International Handbooks.

Billias, George Athan. 2011. American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776-1989: A Global Perspective. New York: New York University (NYU) Press.

Cheever, Daniel S., and H. Field Haviland, Jr. 1952. American Foreign Policy and the Separation of Powers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952. ASIN: B0007DNPPW.

Esteva, Gustavo, Salvatore Babones, Philipp Babcicky. 2011. The Future of Development: A Radical Manifesto. Bristol: Policy Press.

Friedberg, Aaron L. 2005. "The Future of U.S.-China Relations: Is Conflict Inevitable?” International Security, Vol. 30, No. 2. 7-45. Fall.

http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/is3002_pp007-045_friedberg.pdf.

Grimmett, Richard F. 1999. ”Foreign Policy Roles of the President and Congress.” Diplomacy in Action. Washington: U.S. Department of State. http://fpc.state.gov/6172.htm.

Hastedt, Glenn O. 2005. American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, Future. Pearson PLC, 6th ed. ISBN 0130975176.

Hastedt, Glenn P. 2014. American Foreign Policy Annual Editions Series 05/06. Dushkin, 11th edition.

Herring, George. 2008. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hook, Steven W., and John Spanier. 2010. American Foreign Policy Since World War II. Washington: Sage/Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press.

Kissinger, Henry A. 2011. On China. New York: 2011, Penguin Press. ISBN 10- 1594202710.

Kissinger, Henry A. 2014. World Order. New York: Penguin Press.

Kotler, Stephen, and Peter H. Diamandis. 2012. Abundance: The World Is Better than You Think. New York: Free Press.

Liu, Mingfu. 2010. Zhongguo Meng: Hou Meiguo Shidai de DaGuo Siwei yu Zhanlüe Dingwei [China’s Dream: Major Power Thinking and Strategic Posture in a Post-American Era]. Beijing: Zhongguo Youyi Chuban Gongsi [China Friendship Publishing Company].

The book China Dream is not available in English. For a review of this book, see Saunders, Phillip C. 2010. “Will China’s Dream Turn Into America’s Nightmare?” China Brief 10:7, Washington: Jamestown Foundation.

http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36217&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=19fc1b4da3. Kissinger attributes “marathon contest” and “duel of the century” to Saunders, 10. See Kissinger, On China, 565, n.8.

Mania, Andrzej, Pawel Laidler, and Lukasz Wordliczek. 2007. U.S. Foreign Policy: Theory, Mechanisms, Practice. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press. ISBN 9788323324850.

Morris, Ian. 2010. Why the West Rules--for Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future. Paris: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN-10: 0374290024.

Pakula, Hannah. 2010. The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Rachman, Gideon. 2011. Zero-Sum Future: American Power in an Age of Anxiety. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Rourke, John T. 2008. International Politics on the World Stage. Ventura, CA: 12th ed. Academic Internet Publishers. Chapter 3. Levels of Analysis and Foreign Policy.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0073403881/569832/Rourke12e_Sample_ch03.pdf

Shirley, Craig. 2011. December 1941: 31 Days that Changed America and Saved the World. Nashville: HarperCollins Thomas Nelson.

Companion Readings.

Read The Diplomat, particularly articles such as “Signs of a New Tiananmen in China,” http://the-diplomat.com/2012/04/04/signs-of-a-new-tiananmen-in-china/

Girard, Philippe. 2005. “Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage: French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the LeClerc Expedition to St. Domingue,” French Colonial History 6:55-77;

Mason, Matthew. 2002. “The Battle of the Slaveholding Liberators: Great Britain, the United States, and Slavery in the Early 19th Century,” The William & Mary Quarterly LIX:665-696;

Geggus, David. 1987. “The Enigma of Jamaica in the 1790s: New Light on the Causes of Slave Rebellions,” The William & Mary Quarterly XLIV: 274-299;

Dun, James. 2005. “’What avenues of commerce will you, Americans, not explore!’: Commercian Philadelphia’s Vantage onto the Early Haitian Revolution,” The William & Mary Quarterly LXII:473-504.

Recommended Readings.

Ball, George H. 1983. The Past Has Another Pattern. New York: W.W. Norton.

Bill, James H. 1998. George Ball: Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Hart-Landsberg, Martin, and Paul Burkett. 2005. China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Hunt, Michael H. 2009. Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Kolko, Gabriel. 1990. The Politics of War: The World and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1941-1945. New York: Pantheon Books.

Li, Minqi. 2009. The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World Economy. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1996. American Exceptionalism: A Double Edged Sword. New York: W.W. Norton.

McMahon, Robert J., and Thomas Zeiler. 2013. Guide to U.S. Foreign Policy: A Diplomatic History. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Patterson, Thomas G., J. Garry Gifford, and Kenneth J. Hagan. 1983. American Foreign Policy: A History. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath & Co., 2d edition.

Michalak, Stanley J., Jr. 1992. Competing Conception of American Foreign Policy: Worldviews in Conflict. New York: HarperCollins.

Pillar, Paul. 2009. Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Columbia University Press.

Sandel, Michael J. 1996. Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Snow, Donald M., and Eugene Brown. 1997. Beyond the Water’s Edge: An Introduction to U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Stephanson, Anders. 1995. Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right. New York: Hill and Wang.

Treverton, George F. 1994. Making American Foreign Policy.. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Williams, William Appleman. 2009. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. New York: W.W. Norton. USD 11.95 Amazon Paperback.

Wilson, Edward O. 2013. The Social Conquest of Earth. New York: Liveright.

Recommended Readings, Second List.

Richard K. Betts, Conflict After the Cold War: Arguments on the Causes of War and Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1994)

Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller, eds., The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995)

James Fallows, Looking At the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994

Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Random House, 1993)

G. John Ikenberry, "The Myth of Post-Cold War Chaos," Foreign Affairs 75 (May/June 1996): 79-91

Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, and Stanley Hoffmann, eds., After the Cold War: International Institutions and State Strategies in Europe, 1989-1991 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993)

Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994)

Paul Krugman, "Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession," Foreign Affairs 73 (March/April 1994): 28-44

Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., et al., "The Fight over Competitiveness," Foreign Affairs 73 (July/August 1994): 186-203

Jim Rohwer, Asia Rising: Why America Will Prosper as an Economies Boom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995)

Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1994 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996)

Lester Thurow, Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle Japan, Europe, and America (N.Y.: Warner, 1993).

Supplemental Readings.

Graham T. Allison and Gregory F. Treverton, eds., Rethinking America's Security: Beyond Cold War to New World Order (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992)

Robert J. Art and Seymour Brown, eds., U.S. Foreign Policy: The Search for a New Role (New York: Macmillan, 1993)

Aspen Research Group, The United States and the Use of Force in the Post-Cold War Era (Queenstown, Md.: The Aspen Institute, 1995)

David Callahan, Between Two Worlds: Realism, Idealism, and American Foreign Policy After the Cold War (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1994)

James Chace, The Consequences of the Peace: The New Internationalism and American Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)

Jonathan Clarke and James Clad, After the Crusade: American Foreign Policy for the Post-Superpower Age (Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1995).

David A. Deese, The New Politics of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993)

Michael Cox, U.S. Foreign Policy After the Cold War: Superpower Without a Mission? (London: Pinter, 1995)

Arnold Kanter and Linton F. Brooks, eds., U.S. Intervention Policy for the Post-Cold War World: New Challenges and New Responses (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994)

Eric Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)

Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of Ameri can Power ( New York: Basic Books, 1990) Joseph S. Nye, Jr., and William A. Owens, "America's Information Edge," Foreign Affairs 75 (March/April 1996): 20-36

Kenneth A. Oye, Robert J. Lieber, and Donald Rothchild, eds., Eagle in a New World: American Grand Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era (New York: HarperCollins, 1992)

Robert L. Paarlberg, Leadership Abroad Begins at Home: U.S. Foreign Economic Policy After the Cold War (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1995)

Nicholas X. Rizopoulos, ed., Sea-Changes: American Foreign Policy in a World Transformed (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1990)

Gordon R. Sullivan, America's Army: Into the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1993)

Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992)

Howard J. Wiarda, U.S. Foreign and Strategic Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: A Geopolitical Perspective (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996)

Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice, Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995)

Supplemental Readings.

Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963)

Bernard C. Cohen, Democracies and Foreign Policy: Public Participation in the United States and the Netherlands (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995)

Edward S. Corwin, The President: Office and Powers, 1787-1957, 4th rev. ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1957)

Robert A. Dahl, Congress and Foreign Policy (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1950)

Theodore Draper, A Very Thin Line: the Iran-Contra Affairs (New York: Hill and Wang, 1991)

Thomas M. Franck and Edward Weisband, Foreign Policy By Congress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979)

Louis Henkin, Foreign Affairs and the Constitution (Mineola, N.Y.: The Foundation Press, 1972)

Barbara Hinckley, Less Than Meets the Eye: Foreign Policy Making and the Myth of the Assertive Congress (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994)

Barry B. Hughes, The Domestic Context of American Foreign Policy (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1978)

Thomas E. Mann, ea., A Question of Balance: The President, the Congress, and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1990)

Lester Markel et al., Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949)

John E. Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973)

David D. Newsom, The Public Dimension of Foreign Policy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996)

Paul E. Peterson, ed., The President, the Congress and the Making of Foreign Policy (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994)

John D. Steinbruner, ed., Restructuring American Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1989)

Paula Stern, Water's Edge: Domestic Politics and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979)

Robert A. Strong, Decisions and Dilemmas: Case Studies in Presidential Foreign Policy Making (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1992)

Stephen R. Weissman, A Culture of Deference: Congress's Failure of Leadership in Foreign Policy (New York: Basic Books, 1995)

Upon completing this Lecture, the student should understand the objectives of United States Foreign Policy in an historical context, from about 1620 to the 21st century. Included within "foreign policy" are diplomatic, economic, and military policy goals, as these have varied across the administrations of different presidents, and interfaced with important domestic policy objectives during times of peace and war.

Upon completing this Course, each Bachelor student should:

I. KNOWLEDGE

1. Be aware of the different principles of contending theories of international relations and their applications by states in various regions of the world, for different purposes.

2. Know the contributions American and naturalised American figures have made to theories and applications of international relations in cultural, diplomatic, economic, intelligence, military, and trade endeavours.

3. Be able to identify similarities and differences of contending

contending theories of international relations and resulting policies.

II. SKILLS

4. Have a working knowledge of the underlying cultural dimensions behind contending theories of international relations.

5. Recognise the complex applications of contending theories of international relations in actual practice.

6. Explain in detail using diplomatic language the dynamics of each application of international relations as well as the interface of each theory with the other theories.

III. COMPETENCES

7. Articulate practical applications of international relations theories generally in the course of actual relations between and among nations, reflecting an introductory understanding of their nature and purposes.

8. Formulate critical judgments evidencing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats of each major international relations policy used by the United States of America historically.

9. Compare the Realist with the Idealist approaches to theories of international relations, identifying in 20th and 21st century by the United States of America under different Presidents.

10. Project with some sophistication the main changes likely to be made in United States foreign policy, especially economic policies, by the 45th United States President Donald J. Trump, beginning in 2017.

Attendance is a requirement. For Bachelor level students, grading will be based upon the outcome of examination(s) and possibly a Term Paper, consistent with University policy. The Instructor reserves the right to raise the final course grade for any legitimate reason including particularly perfect or nearly perfect attendance, to achieve fundamental fairness. An examination will contain some of the following types of test questions: objective ("true or false" and/or "multiple choice") as well as ‘matching” and “fill in the blank.” An examination also will contain subjective (essay type) questions, usually with some amount of student choice. Attendance is compulsory.